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Crash Course 40 The 1960s

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Period 8 - The Sixties

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hi I'm John Green this is Crash Course u.s. history and today we're going to talk about the 1960s sit during the green grape the decade made famous by the narcissist to live through it history of the 60s word important time I mean it was the Cold War Vietnam or Rising tide of conservative ISM despite Woodstock racism there were the Kennedys in Camelot John Paul George and to a lesser extent Ringo and of course there was also Martin Luther King jr. 1960 South people organizing an actively working for change both in the social order and in government this included the student movement the women's movement movement for gay rights and a push by the courts to expand rights engender the 1960s the anti-war movement seem to overshadowed all the rest sandwich sitting the tow place in Greensboro North Carolina black University students from walked into Woolworths and waited at the lunch counters to be served or more likely arrested after 5 months that those students eventually God will Worth to serve Black customers from the Congress on Racial equality volunteers rode the buses into the Deep South where they faced violence including beatings and the bombing in Anniston Alabama I just bite those Freedom Rides also proved successful can we the ICC desegregated Interstate buses by the end of this over 70,000 people and taken part in demonstrations from sit-ins to tietjens to March they want all successful Martin Luther King's year-long protest in Albany Georgia didn't end discrimination in the city and it took JFK ordering federal troops to ask James Meredith to class for him to attend the University of Mississippi the University of Mississippi America's fall back College sorry I'm from Alabama National prominence in 1963 when Martin Luther King came to my hometown of Birmingham Alabama where there had been more than 50 racially motivated bombing since World War II television brought the reality of the Jim Crow South into people's homes as images of bull Connor's police dogs and water cannons being turned on Peaceful Marchers many of them children horrified viewers it eventually LED Kennedy to endorse the movements goals of the United States in 1990 needing to window Johnson alright politics over anyway in response to these peaceful protest Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King where he wrote one of the great letters in American history name letter from Birmingham Jail 1963 also saw the March on Washington the largest public demonstration in American history up to that time where King gave his famous speech I have a dream king and the other organizers called for a civil rights and Bill and help for the poor demanding Public Works a higher minimum wage and an end to discrimination in which eventually in one of the great bright spots in American history did sort of happen with the Civil Rights Act even so much as that it successfully brought actual legislative change keep idle on FaceTime what would the Cuban Missile Crisis in the Bay of Pigs and whatnot 1963 John F Kennedy to support civil rights more actively according our dear friend the historian Eric foner Kennedy realize that the United States simply could not declare itself the champion of Freedom throughout the world while maintaining a system racial inequality at home and called on Congress to pass a law that would ban discrimination in all public accommodation assassinated thanks Lee Harvey Oswald or possibly someone else then probably Lee Harvey Oswald to pass the Civil Rights Act 1964 prohibited discrimination in employment schools hospitals and privately-owned public places like restaurants and hotels in theaters and it also discrimination on the basis of sex is a major moment in American legislative history but it hardly made the United States a Haven of equality to push for the enfranchisement of African-Americans after Freedom Summer workers registered people in Mississippi to vote King lunch they March for voting rights in Selma Alabama in January 1965 intellivision public opinion in favor of the demonstrators thank you TV for your one and only gift to humanity just kidding Battlestar back to 1965 Congress passed the Voting Rights Act which gave the federal government the power to oversee voting in places where discrimination was practiced 95 Congress also passed the Hart Celler act which gotten rid of national origin quote isn't allowed Asian immigrants to immigrate to the United States unfortunately the law also introduced quotas on immigrants from the Western Hemisphere Johnson's domestic conditions from 1965 to 1967 are known as the Great Society and it's possible that if he hadn't been responsible for escalating the war in Vietnam he might have been remembered Bentley's by liberals as one of America's greatest presidents of the promises of the New Deal especially in the relation of health insurance programs like Medicare for the elderly and Medicaid for the poor he also went to war on poverty never go to war with a noun you will always lose when did poverty as a social problem rather than an economic one so instead of focusing on jobs are guaranteed income is an issue of stressed things like training unfortunately failed take into account shifts in the economy away from high-wage Union manufacturing jobs toward more lower-wage service jobs Mystic accomplishments by the 1990s the historic gap between whites and blacks and education income and access to Skilled employment narrowed considerably but we industrialization and Urban Decay affecting numerous families and most suburbs still being off-limits to non-white people the median wealth of white households remain 10 times greater than that of African-Americans and nearly a quarter of all black children lived in poverty Great Society programs for African American Freedom with changing let's go to the thought bubble and continued discrimination in the workplace housing education and criminal justice might explain the shift away from integration and toward black powder a celebration of African American culture and criticism of white suppression 1964 something place of riots in City ghettos for instance mostly in Northern cities the worst riots were in 1965 in watts in Southern California these left 35 people dead 900 injured in 30 million dollars in damage Newark and Detroit also sought devastating riots in 1967 in 1968 the Kerner report blamed the cause of the play the segregation poverty and white racism then there's many white people regarded as an advocate for violence but who also called for self-reliance something to see leadership shifting from King to exit the Civil Rights Movement became more militant but Malcolm X was active in the early 1960s and he was killed in 1960 time three years before Martin Luther King was assassinated in before all the major shift in emphasis toward black power holder civil rights groups like or abandoned integration goal after 1965 and started to call for black power the rhetoric of black power could be straight and put its message of black empowerment was deeply resonant for many Oakland Black Panther Party did carry guns and self-defense but they also offered a lot of Neighborhood Services for the Black Power movement turned many white people away from the struggle for African American freedom in by the end of the 1960s many Americans attention has shifted to the anti-war movement thanks. many didn't have to go to Vietnam because they had student deferments they just really really didn't want their friends to go we at War movement and the Civil Rights Movement inspired other groups to seek an end to oppression like Latinos organized to celebrate their Heritage and end discrimination Latino activism was like black power but much more please link to labor Justice especially the strike efforts led by Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers movement founded in 1968 took over Alcatraz symbolize the land that had been taken from Native Americans and they won greater tribal control over education Economic Development and they also filed suits for restitution in June of 1960 mine after police raided a gay bar called The Stonewall in members of the gay community began a series of demonstrations in New York City which touched off the modern gave Liberation movement history documents  girls you're pretty simple I read the mystery document guess the author I'm either right or I get shocked all right when we got here if the bill rights contains no guarantee that a citizen shall be secure against lethal poisons distributed either by private individuals or by public officials I already know it it is surely only the is if our forefathers despite their considerable wisdom and foresight could conceive of No Such problem Rachel Carson Silent Spring porch roll time massively important because it was the first time that anyone really described all of the astonishingly poisonous things we were putting into the air and the ground water fortunately that straightened out now and make us human beings sustainable bipartisan support and it resulted in important Legislation during the Nixon era including the clean air and water acts and The Endangered Species Act and yes I said that Environmental eustachian with passed during the Nixon Administration perhaps the most significant in terms of number of people involved in a long lasting effects with the steminist movement with the publication of Betty for Dan's book The Feminine Mystique which set out to describe quote the problem that has no name the name is misogyny social and economic system that affected mostly middle-class women but it resonated with the educated classes and led to the foundation of the National Organization of Women in 1966 student in Civil Rights Movement led many women to identify themselves as members of a group that with systemically Play It Again by systemic I mean that in 1963 5.8% of doctors were women and 3.7% of lawyers were women and fewer 10% of doctoral degrees went to women they are more than half of the population with the Equal Pay Act of 1963 younger women greater power in autonomy in addition to legislation to the idea that the personal is political especially when it came to eco pay child care in divorce government to the expansion of personal freedom in the 1960s was the most conservative won the Supreme Port the Warren Court handed down so many decisions expanding civil rights that the area has sometimes been called a rights Revolution the Warren Court expanded the protections of free speech assembly under the First Amendment and freedom of the press in the New York Times vs. Sullivan decision it struck down a law Banning interracial marriage in the most appropriately named case loving versus Virginia and although this would become a lightning rod for many conservative Supreme Court decisions greatly expanded the protections of people accused of crimes Gideon versus I'm right secured the right to an attorney Mapp vs Ohio established the exclusionary rule under the Fourth Amendment and Miranda versus Arizona provided fodder for Channing Tatum in his great 21 Jump Street ensuring that he would always have to say to every perp who have the right to remain silent which you can't sign with my heart Channing Tatum it beats only for the butt the most Raven controversial decisions actually established a new right where none had existed in the Constitution Griswold vs Connecticut dealt with contraception and Roe v Wade repeat a woman's right to an abortion at least in the first trimester and those two decisions form the basis of a new right the right to privacy protest the counterculture in the creation movements continued well into the 1970s losing steam with the end of the Vietnam War and America's economy plunging into the toilet for many though the year 1960 sums up the deck 1968 began with the Tet Offensive in Vietnam which stirred up the anti-war protest then racial violence erupted after the assassination of Martin Luther King here on April 4th 1968 10 anti-war demonstrators as well as some counter-culture types of robbed in large numbers at the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago where they were set Pawn by police and beaten in what was later described as a police Riot 1968 also saw the Prague spring Uprising in Czechoslovakia crushed by the Soviets and student Traders were killed by the police in Mexico City where the Olympics were held and for reasons students took to the streets and widespread protests against you know France all this unrest care Bart of people who ended up voting for Richard Nixon and his promises to return to Law and Order ultimately like any decade arbitrary historical age the 60 spies easy categorization movements but they were also reactions to those legacies made possible the entrance of numerous members of racial minorities into the mainstream of American Life while leaving unsolved the problem of urban poverty it said Goshen a transformation of the status of women changed what Americans expected from their government from clean air and water to medical coverage and old age I did the same when did undermine confidence in national leaders relations between young and old men and women and white and non-white along with every institution in society changed as a result of this wasn't really the result of the process are decades mean arguably a process that have been going on for hundreds of years thanks for watching I'll see you next week  crash course is made with the help of these nights playful and it's possible because of generous support from the Bluth family frozen banana stand just kidding we don't have corporate sponsors we have you subscription platform by the way you can just click on my face that allows people who care about stuff like you hopefully care about Crash Course to support it and directly on a monthly basis I'm over here now what nation still quick on my face for everyone thank you again for watching and as we say in my hometown there's always money in the banana 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